The steps of the exploration stage of Hill’s cognitive-experiential dream model are the following: In the first step, the client retells the dream to the therapist in first-person, using the present tense, and the therapist takes notes about thoughts and feelings from the dream. It is ideal if the dream...
Interpersonal therapy (IPT) for bulimia nervosa is a type of individual psychotherapy. The 15-20 sessions last 50 minutes each and are given over the period of four to five months. Three stages are involved. In the first stage, which takes three to four sessions, the patient is introduced to the...
Lawrence Kohlberg’s contribution to psychology cannot be underestimated. His development of Jean Piaget’s theory gives an insight to the world of ethics within the business world. In his theory, he specifies six stages that can be classified into three major categories. The categories include the pre-conventional level, the conventional level...
The main cause of PTSD is exposure to traumatic or stressful events. It is difficult to pinpoint what kind of an exact even will result in a person developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, as each individual has theirown specific ways of processing trauma. Such events as accidents, physical or sexual assault,...
There are different socializing agents that a person meets throughout life. Some of them are family, language, mass media, economic systems, school, and peers. They form the personality of individuals, influencing their values and beliefs. According to the conflict theory, when resources are distributed between groups unevenly, it leads to...
Environment Environmental conditions that are favorable can stimulate communication and language development. The conditions that are not favorable lead to retarded development. Children that have parents or guardians around them most of the time have better development in language and communication, unlike those who are in foster care institutions within...
Personality is a factor which is often considered when assessing the work performance of individuals, yet there is no evidence which would prove that it certainly has any influence on it. The term personality refers to certain behavioral patterns characteristic of a person and ones governing their actions in different...
Questionnaires and tests are surveys which feature several multiple-choice questions, but there are also ones which require respondents to provide their own ideas. Interviews are discussions between a psychologist and a participant where the latter must answer the former’s questions. Psychophysiological measures involve gaining information about a person’s neurological and...
In order to describe the utilization of Holland’s Matching Theory by industrial-organizational psychologists, it is essential to provide a clear definition. The Matching Theory by John Holland is also called a Theory of Career Choice, and it postulates that individuals choose their occupations based on their own type of personality....
Individual PIAs like emotional intelligence play an important role in perceiving and understanding personal factors in the workplace. This PIA aims to build strong professional relationships, succeed at work, and achieve goals. Among its advantages, Robbins et al. admit teamwork effectiveness and attitudes expression without violating norms. Personally, I admire...
A self-development diary is a regular reflection on current and past events, including thoughts and questions on specific issues arising while assessing the situation. Such a diary is a tool for improving, tracking progress, and finding obstacles. A leader needs reflection; analyzing motives, a person rethinks his/her experience and sees...
There are challenges highlighted by Roquita Coleman-Williams within the video, with the major and common one being not sure about where you belong. It causes the feeling that everyone around has prestige and executive presence while you don’t and makes people feel uncomfortable and terrified. Not feeling as smart as...
The four main principles of life course theory are: Those principles may seem less executable for parents who are no longer romantically involved and do not share a household, thus creating a different and sometimes unhealthy environment for the child’s development. The parent-child scheme in split families divides into two...
Culture and distinctive family conformations play a vital part in neglect, such as parentification, thus mistreatment happens in the family setting. For instance, some family systems may engender an appropriate overlap in subsystems, with members participating in duties that are traditionally reserved for other members. Such actions usually result in...
Zimbardo believed that his experiment was intended to gain insightful information about prisoners’ and guards’ behavior in prison, while Milgram’s study was aimed at finding out the extent to which people would go in obeying an instruction if the instruction involved causing harm to another person. Vis a vis Milgram’s...
Social facilitation is a presence-induced behavior change that manifests itself in increased activity and emotional arousal. The theory originated from research on the performance of cyclists during a race. It is believed that a person alone feels more relaxed. Such a person does not worry about what their behavior looks...
Psychologists apply the studies from animals to solve specific problems. For example, psychologists can study dogs to determine the best methods for training watchdogs or chickens to find out the best methods of preventing them from fighting. However, psychologists also use the study of animals to predict human behavior. In...
Psychology alternates between nomothetic and idiographic approaches in research. Both approaches have strengths for different situations within the research process. The idiographic approach is subjective and depends on the experiences of the individual. On the other hand, the nomothetic approach is focused on the statistical and numerical aspects of the...
The existing research on the subject proves that eyewitness testimony could not be as reliable as expected. The problem with the testimony mostly relates to the idea that the advent of false memories could be rather harmful, as innocent bystanders could suffer from one’s testimony. Investigators often lead their witnesses...
The concept of learned optimism was developed by Seligman in 1991 during his routine study of learned helplessness, which holds that some reoccurring events can prove difficult to control. As he carried out tests to examine helplessness, Seligman began to question why some individuals resisted it. He observed that some...
Algebraic thinking is an essential mathematical element involving paying attention to important pattern aspects, generalizing mathematical ideas and the patterns with individual’s experiences with number and computation, and using symbols to explore them. Additionally, algebraic thinking forms the basis for mathematical reasoning and allows students to use algebra as a...
Sourses: Kohlberg moral development, Positive Psychology’s Foundation: Kohlberg and Moral Development. Wisdom is one of the six virtues described by positive psychology along with justice, courage, and others. Wisdom can be perceived as the ability to follow inner moral principles and to apply these principles even if they contradict the...
Sourses: “Moral Judgment”, “Moral Sensitivity”, “Moral Motivation and Moral Character”. Cognitive biases are unconscious distortions of perception of other people or their own qualities. Biases can be implicit or explicit and can be caused by a wide range of different factors. Biases can be a result of moral judgment with...
Human’s ability to perceive the world around them is evident through the perceptual adaptation process, which involves constant stimuli. The perceptual consistency process involves the adaptability of the brain and vision in controlling body movements. It comprises four steps, namely, selecting, organizing, interpreting, and negotiating. When a message is sent...
The principles of figure-ground facilitate the formation of a pattern that influences our perception and explains that the environment has two varying concepts. The figure concept usually considers the focus of objects present in the environment. These are the objects that organisms consider important and require certain types of response....
Gestalt psychologists explained the organization of brain sensation and considered the perceived motion experienced in rapid flickering images. Their argument suggested that pattern formation from the brain facilitates the perception process revealing that the brain usually categorizes the environment based on figures and ground. This implies that the figure is...
Emotional and social development is closely interconnected due to the very essence of the two processes. Although a person can show emotions alone, it is in society that they are revealed most fully. From my perspective, emotional and social maturation poses an essential question: when exactly are they considered an...
In chapter 13, Berk examines the physical and cognitive changes that occur in humans during early adulthood. Each of these concepts is interesting in isolation, as it represents a vast space for study. Physiological changes associated with both aging and changes in activities, as well as cognitive, focused on changes...
To make the work of psychologists with Native Americans culturally appropriate and effective, it is tremendously important to incorporate spirituality into counseling and reduce administrative obstacles to receiving care. In fact, this population group does not visit counselors frequently, which can be explained by stigma, mistrust, or fear of being...
Using different approaches toward consultations allows making them more effective as the interventions for assisting clients and implementing set goals. As a rule, four approaches toward consultations are identified; these are client-centered case consultation, consultee-centered consultation, program-centered administrative consultation, and consultee-centered administrative consultation. The main difference in the consultation types...
Erikson’s theory has been present in psychological circles for more than half a century. As the title implies, this approach to developmental psychology was introduced by a neo-Freudian psychologist, Erik Erikson, in the 1950s. According to Erikson’s theory, lifespan development is divided into separate strictly defined stages, each associated with...
Understanding about behavioral styles of the customers is a prerequisite for sales personnel in order to get a satisfactory result. This helps “to tailor his or her approach to a given person and a given situation.” (Stennes, 2008, para.4). The four different styles of customers include socializer, director, thinker, and...