Callista Roy’s conceptual model is vital for nursing research, practice, and education. She developed the nursing conceptual model in 1976 after realizing the importance of nursing nature as a service (Alligood, 2017). This model applies adaptation as the appropriate framework for nursing and views the person as an adaptive system. According to Roy, people constantly interact with a changing environment, making them adapt to certain novelties through awareness, self-reflection, and integration. Her work revisits several experts’ opinions regarding stimuli affecting the psychological states of their patients. She identifies focal stimuli as the most influential, immediately affecting the human adaptive system. Since patients value their families, focal stimuli might be changes in family members. Therefore, patients rely on innate or acquired coping mechanisms when introduced to specific changes to relieve the causes of interacting with a changing environment.
To define the model, Roy uses four modes to help nurses learn to manage the changing environment affecting patients. Physiological-psychological mode describes all human chemical processes like oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity, and protection (Alligood, 2017). Self-concept-group-identity mode focuses on more psychic and spiritual backgrounds, characterizing human interactions and the public’s reaction. While the role function mode is concerned with social position, the interdependence role depicts receptive and contributing behavior. These modes demonstrate how people receive stimuli, react, and adapt to them. The primary goal of nursing is to facilitate the patient’s well-being, making him respond positively to the introduced changes. Therefore, if nurses are educated in four modes, they provide ways to achieve their patients’ physiological, psychological, and social integrity. Roy recommends that professionals evaluate a person’s adaptive system after assessing the behaviors related to four modes and the stimuli. Consequently, nurses should learn to identify the goals to promote adaptation and control external and internal stimuli to increase nursing compliance and treat patients.
References
Alligood, M. R. (2017). Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation model. In Nursing Theorists and Their Work (pp. 247–257). Elsevier. Web.
